The Beginning of Drama

    There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The one most widely accepted today is based on the 1 that drama evolved from ritual(宗教仪式). The argument for this view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings2 the natural forces of the world — even the seasonal changes — as unpredictable, and they sought through various means to3 these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appeared to 4 the desired results were then kept and repeated until they changed into 5 rituals.

    6stories arose which explained or masked the mysteries of the rituals. As times passed, some rituals were 7, but the stories, later called myths, continued to exist and provided material for art and drama.

    Those who believed that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rituals contained the 8 of theatre because music, dance, masks, and 9 were almost always used. 10, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and 11 the entire community did not participate, a(n) 12 division was usually made between the ＂area of acting and the area in which an audience sits ＂. Besides, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was 13 to avoiding mistakes in the practice of rituals, religious leaders usually 14 that task. Wearing masks and costumes, they often imitated (模仿) other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed (用哑剧表演出) the 15 effect — success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun — 16 an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representatives were separated from 17 activities.

    Another theory traces the theater's origin from the human interest in 18. According to this view, tales about the hunt, war or other things are told and gradually spread. 19 through the use of action and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily gymnastic or that are 20 of animal movements and sounds.

    If you are given only 1 yuan, could you live in a city for one day? It seems this may be a little difficult. But students from Xi'an did it.

    On April 10, more than 60 students from the Middle School Attached to Northwestern Polytechnic University took part in the One Yuan Metropolis Survival. The charitable organization for teenagers called Imperceptible Education held this activity. Students not only have to live, but they also have to deal with a lot of hard tasks. It has happened in eight cities and is going to four others, including Beijing, in June.

    To make money, many students looked for part-time jobs and saw how hard life was. Zhang Queue, 14, asked more than 10 restaurants for a job and finally got one chance. “We were sad when they said no. But gradually (逐渐地), we got used to it,” he said. After being a waiter for an hour, he got 25 yuan.

    Some made use of their talents by singing and dancing in parks or shopping malls. Many people who walked by took notice and helped them. Zhao Jincheng, 14, drew pictures and made paper crafts(手工). “This showed it's important to learn a special skill,” he said.

    Living was hard, but finishing the tasks wasn't any easier. They went to different places to finish tasks in a short time. The most amazing one was when they had to exchange things worth thousands yuan with only a piece of paper in half an hour. “We learned how to persuade others. From a balloon to a cake to a bottle of yogurt (酸乳) … after almost 20 tries, we got an expensive necklace,” he said. They will give all of the money they made to poor schools in Tibet.

    The writings of Shakespeare are today little read by young people in Britain. His young readership is limited to those who choose to study literature at university.

    Shakespeare's work, together with most other classics, is seen as remote, and written in a 400­year­old version of English that is about as inviting as toothache.

    Still, in Britain schools, it is compulsory to study the bard(诗人), and when something is made compulsory, usually the result is boredom, resentment(憎恨) or both.

    This was my experience of the classics at school. But when I reached my late teenage years, I had a change of heart. Like every other young person since the dawn of time, the world confused me. I wanted answers, so I turned to books to find them.

    I went on to take a PhD in literature and have taught it in Britain and China. I have never regretted it. There is something in literature that people want, even if they don't read books. You see this in the popularity of TV and movie adaptations of great works, the recent film version of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice being a case in point. These popular adaptations may help increase people's interest in the classics.

    Reading a simplified Romeo and Juliet may perhaps lead to a reading of Shakespeare's actual play. If that is the case, then I welcome the trend. But do not make the mistake of thinking that it is the same thing. Shakespeare is a poet. His greatness is in his language. Reading someone else's rewriting of his work is like peeling a banana, throwing away the fruit, and eating the skin. Take on the original. It really is worth the effort.

I don't know                                          .

I don't suppose you understand                                           at all.

He had seen the film before. That is                                                        .

This is                                   .

Go and get your physics book; it is                             in the little bedroom.

增加：在缺词处加一个漏词符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。

删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。

修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

注意：1). 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；

2). 只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。

    Postman Sam got present and money from the people for whom he had worked when he retired in last week. They loved him for his wonderfully work. Sam retired after 40 years of send letters in the place of South Manchester. He get a lot of presents and flowers from his workmates too, and he got an farewell party by the Women's Institute of the town. His wife Jill said,＂We'd like thank all the people who came and gave presents. I thought my husband did that he could do. But today she understand how great my husband is but what an important job he had.＂